介绍如何在.NET Core3环境下使用MVVM框架Prism的命令的用法
一.创建DelegateCommand命令 我们在上一篇使用 Prism Unity 实现 .NET Core WPF MVVM 之一 数据绑定 中知道prism实现数据绑定的方式,我们按照标准的写法来实现,我们分别创建Views文件夹和ViewModels文件夹,将MainWindow放在Views文件夹下,再在ViewModels文件夹下面创建MainWindowViewModel类,xaml代码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Window x:Class ="CommandSample.Views.MainWindow" xmlns ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:prism ="http://prismlibrary.com/" xmlns:i ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/2010/interactivity" xmlns:d ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc ="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" xmlns:local ="clr-namespace:CommandSample" mc:Ignorable ="d" Title ="MainWindow" Height ="350" Width ="450" prism:ViewModelLocator.AutoWireViewModel ="True" > <StackPanel > <TextBox Margin ="10" Text =" {Binding CurrentTime} " FontSize ="32" /> <Button x:Name ="mybtn" FontSize ="30" Content ="Click Me" Margin ="10" Height ="60" Command =" {Binding GetCurrentTimeCommand} " /> <Viewbox Height ="80" > <CheckBox IsChecked =" {Binding IsCanExcute} " Content ="CanExcute" Margin ="10" HorizontalAlignment ="Center" VerticalAlignment ="Center" /> </Viewbox > </StackPanel > </Window >
MainWindowViewModel类代码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 using Prism.Commands;using Prism.Mvvm;using System;using System.Windows.Controls;namespace CommandSample.ViewModels { public class MainWindowViewModel : BindableBase { private bool _isCanExcute; public bool IsCanExcute { get { return _isCanExcute; } set { SetProperty(ref _isCanExcute, value ); GetCurrentTimeCommand.RaiseCanExecuteChanged(); } } private string _currentTime; public string CurrentTime { get { return _currentTime; } set { SetProperty(ref _currentTime, value ); } } private DelegateCommand _getCurrentTimeCommand; public DelegateCommand GetCurrentTimeCommand => _getCurrentTimeCommand ?? (_getCurrentTimeCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand, CanExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand)); void ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand () { this .CurrentTime = DateTime.Now.ToString(); } bool CanExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand () { return IsCanExcute; } } }
运行效果如下:
在代码中,我们通过using Prism.Mvvm 引入继承BindableBase ,因为我们要用到属性改变通知方法SetProperty ,这在我们上一篇就知道了,再来我们using Prism.Commands ,我们所定义的DelegateCommand类型就在该命名空间下,我们知道,ICommand接口是有三个函数成员的,事件CanExecuteChanged ,一个返回值bool的,且带一个参数为object的CanExecute 方法,一个无返回值且带一个参数为object的Execute 方法,很明显我们实现的GetCurrentTimeCommand命令就是一个不带参数的命令
还有一个值得注意的是,我们通过Checkbox的IsChecked绑定了一个bool属性IsCanExcute,且在CanExecute方法中return IsCanExcute,我们都知道CanExecute控制着Execute方法的是否能够执行,也控制着Button的IsEnable状态,而在IsCanExcute的set方法我们增加了一句:
1 GetCurrentTimeCommand.RaiseCanExecuteChanged()
其实通过prism源码我们可以知道RaiseCanExecuteChanged方法就是内部调用ICommand接口下的CanExecuteChanged事件去调用CanExecute方法
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 public void RaiseCanExecuteChanged () { OnCanExecuteChanged(); } protected virtual void OnCanExecuteChanged () { EventHandler handler = this .CanExecuteChanged; if (handler != null ) { if (_synchronizationContext != null && _synchronizationContext != SynchronizationContext.Current) { _synchronizationContext.Post(delegate { handler (this , EventArgs.Empty); }, null ); } else { handler (this , EventArgs.Empty); } } }
其实上述prism还提供了一个更简洁优雅的写法:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 private bool _isCanExcute;public bool IsCanExcute{ get { return _isCanExcute; } set { SetProperty(ref _isCanExcute, value );} } private DelegateCommand _getCurrentTimeCommand;public DelegateCommand GetCurrentTimeCommand => _getCurrentTimeCommand ?? (_getCurrentTimeCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand).ObservesCanExecute(()=> IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand (){ this .CurrentTime = DateTime.Now.ToString(); }
其中用了ObservesCanExecute方法,其实在该方法内部中也是会去调用RaiseCanExecuteChanged方法
我们通过上面代码我们可以会引出两个问题:
如何创建带参数的DelegateCommand?
假如控件不包含依赖属性Command,我们要用到该控件的事件,如何转为命令?
二.创建DelegateCommand带参命令 在创建带参的命令之前,我们可以来看看DelegateCommand的继承链和暴露出来的公共方法,详细的实现可以去看下源码
那么,其实已经很明显了,我们之前创建DelegateCommand不是泛型版本,当创建一个泛型版本的DelegateCommand,那么T就是我们要传入的命令参数的类型,那么,我们现在可以把触发命令的Button本身作为命令参数传入
xaml代码如下:
1 <Button x:Name ="mybtn" FontSize ="30" Content ="Click Me" Margin ="10" Height ="60" Command ="{Binding GetCurrentTimeCommand}" CommandParameter ="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource Mode=Self}}" />
GetCurrentTimeCommand命令代码改为如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 private DelegateCommand <object > _getCurrentTimeCommand;public DelegateCommand <object > GetCurrentTimeCommand => _getCurrentTimeCommand ?? (_getCurrentTimeCommand = new DelegateCommand <object >(ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand ).ObservesCanExecute (()=> IsCanExcute )); void ExecuteGetCurrentTimeCommand (object parameter) { this .CurrentTime =((Button )parameter)?.Name + DateTime .Now .ToString (); }
三.事件转命令 在我们大多数拥有Command依赖属性的控件,大多数是由于继承了ICommandSource接口,ICommandSource接口拥有着三个函数成员ICommand接口类型属性Command,object 类型属性CommandParameter,IInputElement 类型属性CommandTarget,而基本继承着ICommandSource接口这两个基础类的就是ButtonBase和MenuItem,因此像Button,Checkbox,RadioButton等继承自ButtonBase拥有着Command依赖属性,而MenuItem也同理。但是我们常用的Textbox那些就没有。
现在我们有这种需求,我们要在这个界面基础上新增第二个Textbox,当Textbox的文本变化时,需要将按钮的Name和第二个Textbox的文本字符串合并更新到第一个Textbox上,我们第一直觉肯定会想到用Textbox的TextChanged事件,那么如何将TextChanged转为命令?
首先我们在xmal界面引入:
1 xmlns: i="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/2010/interactivity"
该程序集 System.Windows.Interactivity dll是在 Expression Blend SDK中的,而Prism的包也也将其引入包含在内了,因此我们可以直接引入,然后我们新增第二个Textbox的代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <TextBox Margin ="10" FontSize ="32" Text =" {Binding Foo,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged} " > <i:Interaction.Triggers > <i:EventTrigger EventName ="TextChanged" > <i:InvokeCommandAction Command =" {Binding TextChangedCommand} " CommandParameter =" {Binding ElementName=mybtn} " /> </i:EventTrigger > </i:Interaction.Triggers > </TextBox >
MainWindowViewModel新增代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 private string _foo;public string Foo{ get { return _foo; } set { SetProperty(ref _foo, value ); } } private DelegateCommand<object > _textChangedCommand;public DelegateCommand<object > TextChangedCommand => _textChangedCommand ?? (_textChangedCommand = new DelegateCommand<object >(ExecuteTextChangedCommand)); void ExecuteTextChangedCommand (object parameter ){ this .CurrentTime = Foo + ((Button)parameter)?.Name; }
上面我们在xaml代码就是添加了对TextBox的TextChanged事件的Blend EventTrigger的侦听,每当触发该事件,InvokeCommandAction就会去调用TextChangedCommand命令
将EventArgs参数传递给命令 我们知道,TextChanged事件是有个RoutedEventArgs参数TextChangedEventArgs,假如我们要拿到该TextChangedEventArgs或者是RoutedEventArgs参数里面的属性,那么该怎么拿到,我们使用System.Windows.Interactivity的NameSpace下的InvokeCommandAction是不能做到的,这时候我们要用到prism自带的InvokeCommandAction的TriggerParameterPath 属性,我们现在有个要求,我们要在第一个TextBox,显示我们第二个TextBox输入的字符串加上触发该事件的控件的名字,那么我们可以用到其父类RoutedEventArgs的Soucre属性,而激发该事件的控件就是第二个TextBox
xaml代码修改如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <TextBox x:Name ="myTextBox" Margin ="10" FontSize ="32" Text =" {Binding Foo,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged} " TextChanged ="TextBox_TextChanged" > <i:Interaction.Triggers > <i:EventTrigger EventName ="TextChanged" > <prism:InvokeCommandAction Command =" {Binding TextChangedCommand} " TriggerParameterPath ="Source" /> </i:EventTrigger > </i:Interaction.Triggers > </TextBox >
MainWindowViewModel修改如下:
1 2 3 4 void ExecuteTextChangedCommand (object parameter ){ this .CurrentTime = Foo + ((TextBox)parameter)?.Name; }
还有一个很有趣的现象,假如上述xaml代码将TriggerParameterPath 去掉,我们其实拿到的是TextChangedEventArgs
四.实现基于Task的命令 首先我们在界面新增一个新的按钮,用来绑定新的基于Task的命令,我们将要做的就是点击该按钮后,第一个Textbox的在5秒后显示”Hello Prism!”,且期间UI界面不阻塞
xaml界面新增按钮代码如下:
1 <Button x:Name ="mybtn1" FontSize ="30" Content ="Click Me 1" Margin ="10" Height ="60" Command ="{Binding AsyncCommand}" />
MainWindowViewModel新增代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 private DelegateCommand _asyncCommand; public DelegateCommand AsyncCommand => _asyncCommand ?? (_asyncCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteAsyncCommand)); async void ExecuteAsyncCommand () { await ExampleMethodAsync(); } async Task ExampleMethodAsync () { await Task.Run(()=> { Thread.Sleep(5000 ); this .CurrentTime = "Hello Prism!" ; } ); }
也可以更简洁的写法:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 private DelegateCommand _asyncCommand; public DelegateCommand AsyncCommand => _asyncCommand ?? (_asyncCommand = new DelegateCommand( async ()=>await ExecuteAsyncCommand())); Task ExecuteAsyncCommand () { return Task.Run(() => { Thread.Sleep(5000 ); this .CurrentTime = "Hello Prism!" ; }); }
五.创建复合命令 prism提供CompositeCommand类支持复合命令,什么是复合命令,我们可能有这种场景,一个主界面的不同子窗体都有其各自的业务,假如我们可以将上面的例子稍微改下,我们分为三个不同子窗体,三个分别来显示当前年份,月日,时分秒,我们希望在主窗体提供一个按钮,点击后能够使其同时显示,这时候就有一种关系存在了,主窗体按钮依赖于三个子窗体的按钮,而子窗体的按钮不依赖于主窗体的按钮
下面是创建和使用一个prism标准复合命令的流程:
创建一个全局的复合命令
通过IOC容器注册其为单例
给复合命令注册子命令
绑定复合命令
1.创建一个全局的复合命令 首先,我们创建一个类库项目,新增ApplicationCommands类作为全局命令类,代码如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 public interface IApplicationCommands { CompositeCommand GetCurrentAllTimeCommand { get ; } } public class ApplicationCommands : IApplicationCommands { private CompositeCommand _getCurrentAllTimeCommand = new CompositeCommand(); public CompositeCommand GetCurrentAllTimeCommand { get { return _getCurrentAllTimeCommand; } } }
其中我们创建了IApplicationCommands接口,让ApplicationCommands实现了该接口,目的是为了下一步通过IOC容器注册其为全局的单例接口
2.通过IOC容器注册其为单例 我们创建一个新的项目作为主窗体,用来显示子窗体和使用复合命令,关键部分代码如下:
App.cs代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 using Prism.Unity;using Prism.Ioc;using System.Windows;using CompositeCommandsSample.Views;using Prism.Modularity;using CompositeCommandsCore;namespace CompositeCommandsSample { public partial class App : PrismApplication { protected override Window CreateShell () { return Container.Resolve<MainWindow>(); } protected override void RegisterTypes (IContainerRegistry containerRegistry ) { containerRegistry.RegisterSingleton<IApplicationCommands, ApplicationCommands>(); } protected override void ConfigureModuleCatalog (IModuleCatalog moduleCatalog ) { moduleCatalog.AddModule<CommandSample.CommandSampleMoudle>(); } } }
3.给复合命令注册子命令 我们在之前的CommandSample解决方案下面的Views文件夹下新增两个UserControl,分别用来显示月日和时分秒,在其ViewModels文件夹下面新增两个UserControl的ViewModel,并且将之前的MainWindow也改为UserControl,大致结构如下图:
关键部分代码:
GetHourTabViewModel.cs:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public GetHourTabViewModel (IApplicationCommands applicationCommands ){ _applicationCommands = applicationCommands; _applicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand.RegisterCommand(GetHourCommand); } private DelegateCommand _getHourCommand;public DelegateCommand GetHourCommand => _getHourCommand ?? (_getHourCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetHourCommand).ObservesCanExecute(() => IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetHourCommand (){ this .CurrentHour = DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss" ); }
GetMonthDayTabViewModel.cs:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public GetMonthDayTabViewModel (IApplicationCommands applicationCommands ) { _applicationCommands = applicationCommands; _applicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand.RegisterCommand(GetMonthCommand); } private DelegateCommand _getMonthCommand; public DelegateCommand GetMonthCommand => _getMonthCommand ?? (_getMonthCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteCommandName).ObservesCanExecute(()=>IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteCommandName () { this .CurrentMonthDay = DateTime.Now.ToString("MM:dd" ); }
MainWindowViewModel.cs:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public MainWindowViewModel (IApplicationCommands applicationCommands ){ _applicationCommands = applicationCommands; _applicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand.RegisterCommand(GetYearCommand); } private DelegateCommand _getYearCommand;public DelegateCommand GetYearCommand => _getYearCommand ?? (_getYearCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteGetYearCommand).ObservesCanExecute(()=> IsCanExcute)); void ExecuteGetYearCommand (){ this .CurrentTime =DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy" ); }
CommandSampleMoudle.cs:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 using CommandSample.ViewModels;using CommandSample.Views;using Prism.Ioc;using Prism.Modularity;using Prism.Regions;namespace CommandSample { public class CommandSampleMoudle : IModule { public void OnInitialized (IContainerProvider containerProvider ) { var regionManager = containerProvider.Resolve<IRegionManager>(); IRegion region= regionManager.Regions["ContentRegion" ]; var mainWindow = containerProvider.Resolve<MainWindow>(); (mainWindow.DataContext as MainWindowViewModel).Title = "GetYearTab" ; region.Add(mainWindow); var getMonthTab = containerProvider.Resolve<GetMonthDayTab>(); (getMonthTab.DataContext as GetMonthDayTabViewModel).Title = "GetMonthDayTab" ; region.Add(getMonthTab); var getHourTab = containerProvider.Resolve<GetHourTab>(); (getHourTab.DataContext as GetHourTabViewModel).Title = "GetHourTab" ; region.Add(getHourTab); } public void RegisterTypes (IContainerRegistry containerRegistry ) { } } }
4.绑定复合命令 主窗体xaml代码:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 <Window x:Class ="CompositeCommandsSample.Views.MainWindow" xmlns ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:d ="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc ="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" xmlns:prism ="http://prismlibrary.com/" xmlns:local ="clr-namespace:CompositeCommandsSample" mc:Ignorable ="d" prism:ViewModelLocator.AutoWireViewModel ="True" Title ="MainWindow" Height ="650" Width ="800" > <Window.Resources > <Style TargetType ="TabItem" > <Setter Property ="Header" Value ="{Binding DataContext.Title}" /> </Style > </Window.Resources > <Grid > <Grid.RowDefinitions > <RowDefinition Height ="auto" /> <RowDefinition Height ="*" /> </Grid.RowDefinitions > <Button Content ="GetCurrentTime" FontSize ="30" Margin ="10" Command ="{Binding ApplicationCommands.GetCurrentAllTimeCommand}" /> <TabControl Grid.Row ="1" prism:RegionManager.RegionName ="ContentRegion" /> </Grid > </Window >
MainWindowViewModel.cs:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 using CompositeCommandsCore;using Prism.Mvvm;namespace CompositeCommandsSample.ViewModels { public class MainWindowViewModel :BindableBase { private IApplicationCommands _applicationCommands; public IApplicationCommands ApplicationCommands { get { return _applicationCommands; } set { SetProperty(ref _applicationCommands, value ); } } public MainWindowViewModel (IApplicationCommands applicationCommands ) { this .ApplicationCommands = applicationCommands; } } }
最后看看实际的效果如何:
最后,其中复合命令也验证我们一开始说的关系,复合命令依赖于子命令,但子命令不依赖于复合命令,因此,只有当三个子命令的都为可执行的时候才能执行复合命令,其中用到的prism模块化的知识,我们下一篇会仔细探讨.
六.源码 本篇源代码:PrismCommandSample源码